| Gibberella zeae | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Subclass: | Hypocreomycetidae |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | Gibberella |
| Species: | G. zeae |
| Binomial name | |
| Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch, (1936) |
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| Synonyms | |
|
Botryosphaeria saubinetii |
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Gibberella zeae, also known by the name of its anamorph Fusarium graminearum, is a plant pathogen which causes the wheat headblight disease. Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease on wheat and barley.[1] The pathogen is responsible for billions of dollars in economic losses worldwide each year.[2] Infection causes shifts in the amino acid composition of wheat.[3], results in shriveled kernels and contaminates the remaining grain with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol, which inhibits protein biosynthesis; and zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin. These toxins cause vomiting, liver damage, and reproductive defects in livestock and are harmful to humans through contaminated food. Despite great efforts to find resistance genes against F. graminearum, no completely resistant variety is currently available. Research on the biology of F. graminearum is directed towards gaining insight into more details about the infection process and reveal weak spots in the life cycle of this pathogen in order to develop fungicides that can protect wheat from scab infection.
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F. graminearum is a haploid homothallic ascomycete. The fruiting bodies called perithecia develop on the mycelium and give rise to ascospores, which land on susceptible parts of the host plant and germinate. The fungus causes head blight on wheat, barley, and other grass species as well as ear rot on corn. The primary inoculum are the ascospores, sexual spores which are produced in the perithecia.[4] Spores are forcibly discharged and can germinate within six hours upon landing on the plant surface. The scab disease is monocyclic; after one cycle of infection with ascospores, the fungus produces macroconidia by asexual reproduction.[5] These structures overwinter in the soil or in plant debris on the field and give rise to the mycelium in the next season.
F. graminearum infects wheat spikes from anthesis through the soft dough stage of kernel development. The fungus enters the plant mostly through the flowers; however, the infection process is complex and the complete course of colonization of the host has not been described. [[Germ tubes seem not to be able to penetrate the hard, waxy surface of the lemma and palea which protect the flower. The fungus enters the plant through natural openings like stomates and needs soft tissue like the flowers, anthers and embryo to infect the plant.[6] From the infected floret, the fungus can grow through the rachis and cause severe damage in a short period of time under favorable conditions. Upon germination of the spores on the anthers and the surface of the developing kernel, hyphae penetrate the epicarp and spread through the seed coat. Successively, the different layers of the seed coat and finally the endosperm are colonized and killed.[7]